More than two years of civil war have led to continually compounding disasters in Yemen. Fighting rages on in a deadly stalemate. The economy has been bombed into ruins. Hunger is widespread, and a new misery has been added: the world's biggest current outbreak of cholera, with more than 200,000 cases.
The south, meanwhile, has seen the growing power of the United Arab Emirates, which is part of a coalition meant to protect the internationally recognized government in the war with Shi'ite rebels while also fighting al-Qaida. But at the same time, the UAE has set up its own security forces, running virtually a state within a state and fueling the south's independence movement.
An Associated Press investigation last week documented 18 secret prisons run by the UAE or its allies, where former prisoners said torture was widespread. The UAE denied the allegations and said all security forces were under the authority of President Abd Rabu Mansour Hadi.
The Emirati role reflects how the Yemen conflict has been regionalized from the start.
With U.S. backing, Saudi Arabia launched its coalition, contending that Iran was behind the rebels, known as Houthis, who overran the north and the capital, Sanaa. The coalition's air bombardment averted the complete fall of the Hadi government and prevented the Houthis from taking over the south.
But now both sides are locked in. The north remains in the hands of the Houthis, backed by army units loyal to Hadi's predecessor, former President Ali Abdullah Saleh, who was removed by a 2011 uprising. The south is ostensibly under the authority of Hadi, but he spends most of his time in exile in the Saudi capital, Riyadh.
Here is a look at the multiple levels on which the war has devastated the country of 26 million, which even before the conflict was the Arab world's poorest nation.
Humanitarian disaster
In May, a senior U.N. humanitarian official declared that Yemen was site of "the world's largest food security crisis." More than 17 million desperately needed food, and nearly 7 million of those were "one step away from famine."
Last week came the newest horrible superlative. The World Health Organization said Yemen faced "the worst cholera outbreak in the world." More than 1,400 people, a quarter of them children, have died of cholera the past two months.
Those nightmares come on top of other intertwined effects of the war.
More than 3 million people have been driven from their homes. More than 10,000 people have been killed. There are major fuel shortages caused by a coalition blockade. Health services have collapsed. One million civil servants have not been paid for months, including 30,000 health workers.
The cholera outbreak spread with startling speed after two months of heavy rains in the north, exacerbated by the pileup of garbage in streets — trash collectors are among those who have gone unpaid — and the lack of access to clean water for millions of people.
Around 5,000 new cholera cases are reported daily. Aid officials fear it could pass a quarter-million people by September. The U.N. is sending 1 million doses of vaccines, the largest since Haiti's outbreak in 2010.
Dealing with cholera is pulling away resources and food meant to go to battling famine, warned the U.N. humanitarian chief in Yemen, Jamie McGoldrick.
Yemen long struggled with malnutrition. But the coalition embargo and the fighting have wrecked distribution systems and tipped the country into near famine.
A child under the age of 5 dies every 10 minutes of preventable causes, and 2.2 million babies are acutely malnourished, with almost half a million children suffering from severe acute malnutrition, a 63 percent increase since late 2015, according to Stephen O'Brien of the Office of Coordination of Humanitarian Assistance.
Devastated north
Coalition warplanes have pounded the north relentlessly, hitting military camps, weapons storehouses and armed compounds.
But they have also hit hospitals, schools, outdoor markets and residential areas to a degree that rights groups have said may amount to a war crime. One of the deadliest strikes, in October, hit a Sanaa funeral hall, killing and wounding hundreds.
The U.S. has backed the coalition with intelligence, satellite imagery and billions of dollars in weapons sales. This year, American drone strikes targeting al-Qaida have mounted dramatically.
The main battle zones are along the western coastline, on the mountainous outskirts of Sanaa and around the city of Taiz. But front lines have not moved significantly in months. Multiple peace initiatives have fallen apart.
Meanwhile, the Houthis have clamped down against dissent. The opposition says they hold thousands of political prisoners in secret prisons, including in private houses. Detainees are often accused of supporting the coalition or belonging to Sunni extremist groups. Journalists have been arrested, tortured, and forced to flee to the south or abroad.
Critics accuse Houthis of profiting from the crisis by imposing extra tariffs and taxes for "the war effort" as well as engaging in fuel smuggling. The north has seen a severe cash shortage after Hadi's government moved the Central Bank to the south. The government bureaucracy has been largely paralyzed since the Houthis set up their own parallel institutions, called "Revolutionary Committees."
Southern divisions
Billboards and posters praising the UAE are all around the streets of the southern city of Aden, ostensibly the headquarters of Hadi's government. Often pictured on the posters as well are leaders of Emirati-backed security forces alongside flags of the former independent nation of South Yemen, which secessionists dream of creating once more.
After the Houthis were pushed back, the UAE created security forces such as the Hadramawt Elite in the city of Mukalla and the Security Belt in Aden, better armed and trained than Hadi's forces.
The UAE-backed forces have been key in fighting al-Qaida's branch, which held Mukalla for a year until it fled before an assault by the Elite. The security forces have also arrested hundreds in anti-terror raids. Human rights activists accuse them of abuses, illegal detentions and extrajudicial killings.
Many of the UAE-backed officials belong to the Southern Movement, or Hirak, which seeks the south's independence. That has fueled tension with Hadi, an advocate for a six-state federation in Yemen.
A sign of the power struggle surfaced two months ago when Hadi ordered to removal of two top UAE allies — Aden's governor, Aidarous al-Zubaidi, and a Cabinet member, Hani Bin Braik, the founder of the Security Belt.
In response, al-Zubaidi and other powerful Emirati allies — including the head of security in Aden and the governors of Hadramawt and four other provinces — launched a "South Transitional Council," aimed at working toward secession. Some in Hadi's camp have branded the move as a virtual coup attempt.
