Ninety years ago, millions perished in Ukraine in a manmade famine under Josef Stalin that many in the country call genocide. For Ganna Pertchuk, the current Russian invasion is a case of history repeating itself.
At the tall candle-shaped Holodomor (Ukrainian for death by starvation) memorial center in central Kyiv, a dozen Orthodox priests in black and silver robes gathered Saturday for a religious ceremony for the victims of the famine.
The event was held outdoors despite sub-zero temperatures.
Before starting the ceremony, Archbishop Filaret, 93, laid a wreath of red carnations at the monument with a statue of an emaciated girl clutching some stalks of wheat against her chest.
"We pray for those who perished in the famine," he said. "The Holodomor was not a result of a bad harvest but the targeted extermination of the Ukrainian people."
Pertchuk, a pensioner who attended the ceremony, called the famine genocide.
"What happened in the 1930s was genocide and what is happening now is also genocide," said Pertchuk. "The parallels are very clear."
Starving in the breadbasket
Ukraine is known as the breadbasket of Europe for its abundant wheat crops, a product of its rich, black soil. But under Soviet rule it lost between 4 million and 8 million citizens during the 1932-1933 famine. Some researchers put the figure even higher.
While some historians argue the famine was planned and exacerbated by Stalin to quash an independence movement, others suggest it was a result of rapid Soviet industrialization and the collectivization of agriculture.
Ukraine officially considers it a genocide, as do a number of Western countries, a label that Moscow vehemently rejects.
Pertchuk, like many Ukrainians, has heard horror stories from family members.
Her mother-in-law remembers as a young girl hiding with her family in a village near Kyiv so "that she wasn't eaten up," Pertchuk said, speaking of a famine that fueled rare cases of cannibalism.
"Imagine the horror," said the 61-year-old former nurse, with tears in her eyes.
She said she was "praying for our victory which will be a victory of good over evil."
"It was an artificial genocidal famine ...," priest Oleksandr Shmurygin, 38, told AFP. "Now when we experience this massive unprovoked war of Russia against Ukraine, we see history repeating itself."
First Stalin, now Putin
Among those gathered to commemorate the victims of the famine was lawyer Andryi Savchuk, who spoke of the irreparable loss for Ukraine.
"Stalin's system, the repressive state, wanted to destroy Ukraine as a nation," he said. "Today we see that the efforts made by Stalin are continued by (President Vladimir) Putin.
"At that time, they wanted to exterminate Ukrainians through famine," he added.
"Today, they are exterminating us with heavy weapons," and bombing energy installations to deprive citizens of electricity, heating and water just as the punishing winter sets in.
But just as Ukrainians held on in the 1930s, so will they against Moscow today, Savchuk said.
"We have an unyielding will and confidence.," he said, "And the whole world is with us."
