Few Americans are in favor of giving reparations to descendants of enslaved black people in the United States, a new poll shows, even as the idea has gained momentum among Democratic presidential contenders.
Only 29% of Americans say the government should pay cash reparations, according to the Associated Press-NORC Center for Public Affairs Research poll.
But the poll reveals a large divide between Americans of different racial and ethnic backgrounds.
Most black Americans, 74%, favor reparations, compared with 15% of white Americans. Among Hispanics, 44% favor reparations.
'It's over with'
Lori Statzer, 79, of West Palm Beach, Florida, opposes cash reparations and an official government apology.
``None of the black people in America today are under the slavery issue,'' said Statzer, who is white. ``It's over with.''
Using taxpayers' money to pay reparations ``would be unfair to me,'' she added. ``My ancestors came to this country, worked hard to become Americans and never asked for anything.''
Poll respondents also were sharply divided by race on whether the U.S. government should issue an apology for slavery: 64% of white Americans oppose a government apology, while 77% of black Americans and 64% of Hispanics believe an apology is due.
Overall, 46% of Americans favor and 52% oppose a national apology.
Not everyone realizes how horrible slavery was to black Americans, said Nathan Jordan, 63, adding that the federal government should apologize for slavery ``because it was wrong.''
How much?
While he supports reparations, Jordan, who is black and lives in Vienna, Georgia, can't put a dollar figure on what would be fair.
``I don't think the government could even afford that,'' he said. ``I don't know what the value would be. There are still a lot of [black] people trying to catch up. I'm not sure if they'll ever catch up.''
Alicia Cheek, 56, of Asheboro, North Carolina, who is black, opposes both reparations and a government apology, saying white people today ``can't be liable for what their ancestors did.'' She also questions how a fair amount could be determined.
The nation is marking 400 years since the first slave ship sailed to what would become the United States, bringing about 20 slaves to the British colony at Jamestown, Virginia, in 1619.
Over the next two centuries, more than 300,000 men, women and children were forcibly brought to what is now the U.S. from Africa, according to the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database.
The debate on reparations has flared on and off since the moment slavery in the U.S. officially ended in 1865.
After the Civil War, Union Army General William Tecumseh Sherman promised compensation to freed slaves in the form of land and mules to farm it — hence the phrase ``40 acres and a mule.'' But President Andrew Johnson took away the offer.
Legislative proposals
More than 120 years later, then-Representative John Conyers, a Detroit Democrat, introduced legislation to establish a commission to develop reparations proposals. He reintroduced it in every congressional session until he resigned in 2017, and it was reintroduced last year by Representative Sheila Jackson Lee, a Texas Democrat. Presidential candidate and Democratic Senator Cory Booker of New Jersey filed a Senate companion bill this year.
Other Democratic candidates have come out in support of reparations or at least a commission to study it.
Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell, a Kentucky Republican, has publicly opposed the idea of a national reparations policy.
Anita Belle, founder of the Reparations Labor Union in Detroit, said ``doing the right thing means making amends for what a nation did wrong.''
Belle said she was encouraged to see even a low level of support for reparations among white Americans.
``That's still progress,'' she said.
An apology for slavery would help the country move on, said Reuben Miller, assistant professor in the University of Chicago School of Social Service Administration.
Enduring disadvantages
``And by moving on, I don't mean moving on and forgetting,'' he said. ``I mean moving on past the atrocity. It would teach a lesson about the relationship of black Americans with their government.''
The new poll finds that about 3 in 10 Americans think the history of slavery still has a great deal of influence on black Americans. About another 3 in 10 think it has a fair amount of influence.
And many see enduring disadvantages for black Americans in public life. About two-thirds of Americans think white people are treated more fairly than black people by police, and about half see advantages for white people in applying for jobs or shopping in stores.
``We have to look at righting the wrong with cash to the people that were done wrong,'' Belle said. ``To just say we aren't going to do anything is to just perpetuate the wrong.''
