Rwanda's army "engaged in military operations" against DR Congo's military in the country's troubled east, according to a report by a group of independent United Nations experts seen by Agence France-Presse on Thursday.
The experts said there was "substantial evidence" that the Rwandan army directly intervened in Congo's fight against M23 rebels, and that it had supported the group with weapons, ammunition and uniforms.
A government spokesperson in Kigali denied Rwanda supported the rebels and declined to comment on specific allegations until the findings were formally published.
The Democratic Republic of Congo has repeatedly accused Rwanda of backing the M23.
The militia has captured swaths of territory in the DRC's restive east since it emerged from dormancy late last year.
Current front lines lie 20 kilometers from Goma, a commercial hub of more than 1 million people.
Rwanda has repeatedly denied it supports the rebels, but the United States and France, among other Western countries, have agreed with the DRC's assessment.
According to the U.N. experts' report, Rwanda's military intervened to reinforce the M23 as well as to combat the Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda (FDLR) — a descendant of Rwandan Hutu extremist groups that carried out the 1994 Tutsi genocide in Rwanda.
Rwanda provided troop reinforcements to the M23 "for specific operations, in particular when these were aimed at seizing strategic towns and areas," the report added.
Rwandan troops also led joint attacks with M23 fighters against Congolese positions in May, according to the report.
The 236-page document for the U.N. Security Council is expected to be published in the coming days.
Diplomatic crisis
Alain Mukuralinda, Rwanda's deputy government spokesman, said Kigali had not seen the substance of the report or the evidence it was based upon.
"Today, as long as we have not seen the material evidence, as long as we have not examined this so-called evidence, it is difficult to take a position," he told AFP.
But he added: "We do not support the M23, we do not need it."
A Tutsi-led militia, the M23 first came to international prominence when it captured Goma in 2012, before being driven out and going to ground the following year.
But it re-emerged in late 2021 after the rebels claimed the DRC had ignored a promise to integrate them into the army and has since made significant advances.
A watershed moment came in June when M23 fighters captured the strategic town of Bunagana on the Ugandan border.
A fresh offensive in late October saw the M23 capture swaths of territory in North Kivu, displacing hundreds of thousands of people.
The rebels' battlefield successes have sent relations between the DRC and neighboring Rwanda into a nosedive.
Several diplomatic initiatives have been launched in a bid to ease tensions, with the seven-nation East African Community (EAC) also deciding to deploy a military force to eastern DRC.
Talks between the DRC and Rwanda in the Angolan capital Luanda led to a truce agreement on November 23.
Under the deal, the M23 was to lay down arms and pull back from occupied territories.
But clashes with M23 continued.
Kinshasa subsequently accused the M23 of massacring civilians in the village of Kishishe.
A preliminary U.N. probe found that the M23 killed at least 131 civilians in the area.
On Wednesday, Rwanda said allegations of a massacre were a "fabrication." It said the incident involved clashes between the M23 and Kinshasa-allied militias.
Militia shift
Armed groups, of which there are more than 120 in eastern DRC, have taken the fight to the M23 in recent weeks.
According to the U.N. experts' report, the M23's resurgence caused local militias to "shift alliances," creating "new dynamics" with the Congolese military.
The experts cited evidence that Congolese troops had fought alongside armed groups in their struggle against the M23.
The U.N. experts recommended that the DRC "take all measures" to prevent cooperation between the Congolese military and armed groups.
They likewise urged Congo's neighboring states to "prevent the provision of support" to armed groups within the vast nation of 90 million people.
Asked about the report, the U.S. State Department voiced concern and called on all nations to respect "territorial integrity."
"Entry of foreign forces into the DRC must be done transparently with the consent of, and in coordination with, the DRC, and must be pre-notified to the Security Council in line with existing U.N. sanctions resolutions for the DRC," a State Department spokesperson said.
The United States has repeatedly said that allegations of Rwandan support to the M23 rebels were credible.
