In the United States, protests have escalated over grand jury decisions declining to charge white police officers in the deaths of black males in New York and Missouri.
The demonstrations - the most widespread and persistent pertaining to race and justice seen in the country in decades - are forcing officials to respond and putting law enforcement under a powerful microscope.
In Berkeley, California, protests turned violent when rocks and bricks were thrown and windows smashed. Police responded with tear gas as unrest continued for hours.
More peaceful, but no less fervent demonstrations continued in New York, Washington, Chicago, and other major cities.
Talk bluntly of race
“We bluntly have to talk about the historic racial dynamics that underlie this,” said New York Mayor Bill de Blasio.
“We have to have an honest conversation in this country about a history of racism. An honest conversation about the problem that has caused parents to feel that their children may be in danger in their dynamic ((interactions)) with police, when in fact the police are there to protect them. We have to transcend that,” de Blasio said.
The mayor said the city’s police force, one of America’s largest, will be retrained to improve its dealings with minority communities and, it is hoped, avoid deadly confrontations like the one between officers and unarmed illegal cigarette vendor Eric Garner, who died earlier this year after being wrestled to the ground and forcibly restrained.
De Blasio has spoken publicly of difficult conversations with his biracial son, telling him to be extra cautious if approached by police.
“ ‘Do not move suddenly, do not reach for your cell phone’ - because we know, sadly, there is a greater chance it might be misinterpreted if it was a young man of color,” he said.
Those comments have drawn the ire of police representatives, who accused the mayor of scape-goating, rather than defending, those who risk their lives to ensure public safety.
'Confrontation leads to tragedy'
“You cannot resist arrest, because resisting arrest leads to confrontation. Confrontation leads to tragedy,” said New York Police union chief Patrick Lynch.
Grand jury decisions declining criminal prosecution of police officers have grabbed the world's attention in recent weeks but have been the norm for decades, said James Jacobs, a criminal law professor at New York University.
"Police officers have a certain, I think, presumption of legitimacy in the community. It is recognized that they have a very hard job to do,” Jacobs said.
Last week, President Barack Obama said public confidence in U.S. law enforcement must be restored, along with faith that laws will be applied equally to all Americans.
