It's been more than a year since jihadis first stormed Igor Kassah's town in northern Benin, but the priest still lives in fear. His once peaceful life is now marked by threatening phone calls and extremist diatribes tacked on church doors demanding that people leave. He is haunted by the bodies he has seen of those killed in the attacks.
"We no longer have a normal life," the 41-year-old said through text messages to The Associated Press. "It's hard to talk and act confidently because you don't know who's in front of you anymore."
Violence by extremists linked to al-Qaida and the Islamic State group has wracked much of West Africa's inland Sahel region for more than seven years. Now it is spreading into the coastal states with Benin the hardest hit, experts say.
Jihadi attacks in Benin have spiked more than tenfold between July and December compared with the same period last year — from 2 to 25 — according to the Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project. This is more than any other coastal state in West Africa. If the extremist violence continues to spread it could have far-reaching consequences, say analysts.
"When you talk about the Sahel, geopolitical interests are limited," said Kars de Bruijne, senior research fellow with Clingendael, a Dutch-based research organization. "But it's different for coastal states, which are economically much stronger and more important to the African Union and Western countries such as England and the United States."
These Western powers might see their interests at stake, which is a key reason why they should be really concerned about the spillover of extremist violence into Benin, he said. The more fronts the jihadis open, the more difficult it will be to effectively respond, he said.
Spillover from Burkina Faso
The violence in Benin, a country of 12 million people, is largely a result of what's happening in neighboring Burkina Faso, where jihadi attacks have killed hundreds and displaced nearly 2 million people. Attacks were initially confined to the border between eastern Burkina Faso and Benin in the W and Pendjari National Parks in the Alibori and Atacora regions but are now expanding. Incidents have increased since June in populated areas around the parks with jihadis connected to the al-Qaida-linked group known as JNIM pushing Benin's military from the border, creating a security vacuum and taking control of part of the country, according to a recent report by Clingendael.
The jihadi rebels appear to be creating a large area of influence from Niger to Togo in order to keep supply lines open, recruit people and procure material, say analysts. Another aim could be to withstand pressure from the Accra Initiative, a military platform involving Burkina Faso and coastal countries to prevent the further spread of extremism from the Sahel.
Benin's government has ramped up its response, investing nearly $130 million to create new operating bases, fortify existing ones and recruit nearly 4,000 security forces since last year, Benin's President Patrice Talon said in a speech earlier this month.
But the government's increased security is bringing human rights abuses such as arbitrary arrests of those suspected of working with jihadis, particularly the ethnic Fulani who are suspected to be affiliated to extremists, locals and rights groups say.
"There is a risk that human rights violations will become systematic and worsen, as is the case in neighboring countries that have been fighting the same armed groups for several years," said Samira Daoud, regional director for West Africa for Amnesty International.
Aid groups call for social investments
West Africa's coastal states and the international community haven't learned enough from the crisis in the Sahel about how to address the insecurity, regional experts said.
"We're watching the same dynamic play out in Benin and I'm afraid that we are trying the same strategies that failed in the Sahel," said Laura Sanders, founder of Cetus Global a consulting company based in Benin and focused on conflict prevention in West Africa.
"There's an opportunity to choose a different route for littoral countries in addressing the crisis, focusing on the drivers of violence and what pushes people into these armed groups, such as unresolved grievances, social marginalization, and poor governance of natural resources," she said.
To reduce humanitarian suffering as violence increases, it's urgent to scale up investments now in education, nutrition and health in regions bordering central Sahel countries, say aid groups.
Meanwhile, communities in Benin say they are being forced to accept a life they never thought they'd have to endure.
"We thought for a moment, perhaps because of a certain naivety ... that (we) could escape the situation of threats, of near-daily attacks that (Benin) is undergoing," said Arnaud Houenou an expert in national security and a professor at Benin's University of Abomey Calavi.
"Benin has been spared the terrorist war in the Sahel despite its proximity to Nigeria and Burkina Faso," he said. "But reality has set in."
