More than a year after their liberation from the Islamic State (IS) group, residents in the Syrian town of Kobani are suffering from the deadly fallout of a four-month occupation.
Since IS was expelled from Kobani in January 2015, at least 100 civilians have been killed and 200 wounded by landmines that IS planted throughout the town and surrounding villages, according to local officials.
The trail of IS mines runs through towns and cities across Iraq and Syria. Mines and projectiles left behind make it difficult for liberating military forces to enter and bring stability.
Tens of thousands of refugees remain in camps in Turkey, Jordan and elsewhere. They are too afraid to return home because of the mines.
Since IS was driven out of the ancient Syrian city of Palmyra in late March, Russian engineers have defused approximately 3,000 bombs that IS planted, Russia's ministry of defense said Tuesday in a statement.
In the Iraqi cities of Sinjar and Ramadi, Kurdish and Iraqi authorities have reported that thousands of mines and booby traps were set by IS fighters. Efforts are underway to clear the areas in order to allow civilians to return to their homes.
A U.S. de-mining company has been hired to clear Ramadi and train Iraqi troops to dismantle the mines, U.S. officials said this week.
Norway will allocate $5 million for de-mining, a U.S. official told Reuters news agency. And the United Nations says it is working on a program to help clear mines from areas formerly held by IS.
"We are still in the early-implementation phase and do not presently have comprehensive information to share," said Lee Woodyear, an official at the UN Mine Action Service (UNMAS).
Extensive and deadly
Analysts say the mines left behind by IS are different from those found in war-torn lands such as Afghanistan and the Balkans.
"What makes mine cleanup difficult in this case is that IS is very sophisticated in developing many types of IEDs, booby traps and mines," said Bastian Winkler, a German de-mining expert. "They put bombs almost everywhere after they leave. So it's very dangerous to detect them in the old, traditional way."
Winkler told VOA that mines are so numerous and their paths so extensive that residents will be dealing with the fallout for many years.
"The best thing to do in areas that were formerly held by IS is to start a mine risk-awareness program among locals," he said.
Riddled with explosives
But the deaths in the streets of Kobani show how daunting the task is.
In the past week alone, at least five residents lost their lives in two areas of the city where mines and bombs exploded.
"Two cousins of mine were killed by bombs after they went back to their village outside of Kobani," said Mustafa Rashid, a Kobani resident who remains at a refugee camp in Turkey, afraid to return home.
Rashid said IS militants hid explosives inside sacks of barley stored in the family house.
Kobani officials say de-mining efforts have been slow.
"Soon after the liberation [of Kobani], a number of expert groups came to help us remove mines," said Khaled Berkel, an official with the local administration in Kobani. "But they only worked in the city. They didn't do anything in the countryside where the majority of bombs have been planted."
Berkel told VOA that with inadequate expertise and limited financial resources, the local government can't do much to continue the removal process.
As many as 20 members of a local mine-detecting team died as they were trying to remove mines, he told VOA from Kobani.
Until the mine threat eases, many refugees say they will not return to Kobani despite harsh conditions in the refugee camps.
"Fighting is over and people want to go back, but the more they hear about such mine incidents, the harder it becomes for them to make a decision," Rashid told VOA from Turkey.
