Saudi Arabia's oil company Aramco began trading for the first time on Wednesday, gaining 10% in its first moments on the market in a dramatic debut that pushed its value to $1.88 trillion, higher than any other listed company in the world.
Trading on the Saudi Tadawul stock exchange came after a mammoth $25.6 billion initial public offering that set the record as the biggest ever in history.
Aramco, owned by the state, has sold a 1.5% stake in the company, pricing its shares before trading at 32 Saudi riyals, or what is $8.53.
At pre-trading auction earlier in the morning, bids for Aramco reached the 10% limit on stock price fluctuation allowed by Tadawul. That pushed the price of Aramco shares in its debut to 35.2 riyals, or $9.39 a share.
Aramco is now the most valuable listed company in the world, worth more than Microsoft or Apple. It's also worth more than the top five oil companies — Exxon Mobil, Total, Royal Dutch Shell, Chevron and BP — combined.
Aramco is selling 0.5% of its shares to individual retail investors — most of whom are Saudi nationals — and 1% to institutional investors, most of which are Saudi and Gulf-based funds.
The retail portion was limited to Saudi citizens, residents of Saudi Arabia or nationals of Gulf Arab states.
Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman plans to use the money raised from the sale of a sliver of the kingdom's crown jewel to diversify the country's economy and fund major national projects that create jobs for millions of young Saudis entering the workforce.
What the 34-year-old crown prince had initially sought was a $2 trillion valuation for Aramco and the sale of up to 5% of the company - on an international stock exchange as well as the Saudi market - that could raise $100 billion.
Instead, potential buyers outside Saudi Arabia thought his $2 trillion valuation was too high. With the gains made on Tadawul and a strong local push, the company moves closer to clinching that $2 trillion mark without even listing internationally.
“They have had to launch the IPO on their own stock exchange as the valuation was unlikely to be achieved elsewhere,” said John Colley, associate dean at Warwick Business School in the U.K.
He said the surging price on launch suggests that buying may be from those affiliated to the crown prince.
In the lead up to the flotation, there had been a strong push for Saudis, including princes and businessmen, to contribute to what's seen locally as a moment of national pride, and even duty.
A brief ceremony on the exchange floor as trading started on Wednesday saw a countdown in Arabic, the sounding of a bell, a light show with music and applause all around. Later, at a celebration at the Fairmont hotel in Riyadh, Aramco Chairman Yasir al-Rumayyan, described the sale as ``a proud and historic moment for Saudi Aramco and our majority shareholder, the kingdom.'' He said it demonstrates further significant progress toward Saudi Arabia's transformation, economic growth and diversification.
Aramco, which has exclusive rights to produce and sell the kingdom's energy reserves, was founded in 1933 with America's Standard Oil Co. before becoming fully owned by Saudi Arabia four decades ago.
Strong demand for Aramco's stock has so far been mostly drawn from Saudi funds, rather than the wider net of international investors the crown prince's economic diversification plan may need to succeed.
While the sale of Aramco is a step toward raising new streams of capital for the government's Public Investment Fund, it is only part of a much larger transformation needed to move the economy away from reliance on oil exports for revenue.
Zachary Cefaratti, chief executive officer of Dalma Capital which invested in Aramco through funds, said he anticipates the company will soon become the first in the world valued at over $2 trillion.
Institutional investors raised more $106 billion during the book-building period of the Aramco IPO that closed last week. Less than a quarter of that, or 23%, was raised from non-Saudi investors, according to lead adviser Samba Capital.
Saudi companies and government institutions raised 51% of the overall $106 billion in institutional demand, with public and private funds contributing to the remaining 26%, Samba Capital said.
To encourage Saudi citizens to buy and keep hold of Aramco stock, the company says it will pay a dividend of at least $75 billion in 2020. Individual Saudi investors who hold their shares for six months from the first day of trading can also receive up to 100 bonus shares, or one for every 10 held.
The government additionally encouraged Saudis by making it easier to access credit for stock purchases.
The result was that just over 5 million individuals, nearly all of them Saudi nationals out of a population of around 20 million citizens, generated subscriptions of $13 billion.
With oil prices hovering around $63 a barrel, the kingdom needs a breakeven oil price of $87 a barrel to balance its budget and climb out of deficit, according to Monica Malik, chief economist at Abu Dhabi Commercial Bank.
One of the biggest expenditures is government salaries for the millions of Saudis that work in the public sector.
Aramco's flotation could helps generate billions of dollars in capital to invest in job-creating projects that benefit private businesses and keep unemployment from rising beyond current levels of roughly 12%.
Saudi Aramco Starts Trading, Gaining 10% And Reaching $1.8T
