Marie Rodriguez of Bountiful, Utah, began using social media when she enlisted in the U.S. Navy. At first, she saw it as a positive thing.
"It helped me to really keep in touch with people at home while I was deployed and living overseas," she told VOA.
However, in the two months since Tesla CEO Elon Musk acquired Twitter, Rodriguez and many of its hundreds of millions of users have been forced to reevaluate their feelings about the platform and about social media in general.
"I don't think he's been positive at all," Rodriguez said. "He's allowing all of these previously banned accounts back on the platform, and I'm seeing more offensive Tweets — more anti-trans and anti-LGBTQ hate speech."
"Some social media platforms over-patrol," she added, "but Twitter isn't patrolling enough. The result is more trolling, more bots and more hate. I've definitely been using the platform less because of it."
Musk is a polarizing figure among Americans. In his own self-created poll on the platform, 57.5% of respondents said he should resign as Twitter chief, compared to 42.5% who said he should stay. (Musk has said he will abide by the poll's results and resign his post as soon as a replacement is hired.)
Independent surveys, however, have shown Musk's actions to be less unpopular than his Twitter poll indicated. A Quinnipiac University survey from earlier this month, for example, found that Americans' opinions are more evenly split, with 37% saying they approved of the way he's operating Twitter, 37% disapproving and 25% offering no opinion.
"I'm generally critical of billionaires," said Avi Gupta, a neurobiologist in the nation's capital, "but I'm so far supportive of what Musk has done for Twitter. As far as free speech is concerned, definitely, but also the platform's just a lot more exciting to follow."
A new Twitter
Gupta said he became disenchanted with rival social media platform Instagram when he posted a photo of Ukrainian soldiers who appeared to be wearing patches containing Nazi symbols. The post was promptly removed by administrators.
"To me, in that example, what Instagram is saying is that reporting on Nazism is no different than glorifying it," Gupta explained. "It's a form of censorship, but it was happening in pre-Musk Twitter, too. They were too quick to suspend accounts when they challenged mainstream thinking — whether it be about the Ukraine war, U.S. military interventions or COVID."
"Since Musk," he added, "I don't have to censor myself as much, and you're seeing previously banned accounts from politicians and scientists welcomed back. You have to balance that with stopping dangerous hate speech, of course — which I think they're doing OK with — but overall, I think it's been a good thing."
According to University of Oregon School of Journalism and Communication Professor Damian Radcliffe, Musk arrived at Twitter with an entrepreneurial reputation and a desire to grow the platform that appealed to many users.
Others, however, expressed concerns about what Musk's commitment to freedom of speech and a scaling back of platform moderation might mean, as well as the implications of users now being able to purchase a verified "blue check" account.
"Those worries seem to have been justified," Radcliffe told VOA. "I personally have seen a lot of people I follow leave the platform. They're pointing to a less civil discourse, as well as a greater prevalence of misinformation, hate speech and conspiracy theories in their feed as the main reasons they're departing."
In the two months since he took over, Musk has reinstated several previously banned Twitter accounts — most notably that of former U.S. President Donald Trump, though Trump eschewed the platform after his reinstatement. Musk has also banned (and sometimes reinstated) the accounts of several journalists.
"It's been wild to watch as he came in talking about free speech," said Ron Gubitz, executive director of a New Orleans nonprofit organization. "But then, all of a sudden, he's suspending journalists' accounts, banning an account tracking his jet, and — albeit temporarily — saying we couldn't post links to other social media."
Gubitz is a self-described "Twitter head," having been on the platform for more than 14 years. He said he's been disappointed in how it has operated since Musk's purchase.
"Initially it was annoying because the discourse was all about Musk," he said to VOA. "What is Musk saying? What is he going to do? It felt middle-school gossipy."
"But the user interface has also actually gotten worse since he took over," Gubitz added. "The platform isn't updating well for me, it's not adding enough new tweets, there are ads at the top of the screen every time I refresh and the whole thing just feels less secure. I'm cool with change, but this is going in the wrong direction."
America's relationship with social media
"I use Twitter less and less every day and I've actually removed the app from my phone," said Kimm Rogers, a musician from San Diego, California. "I used to see tweets from the people I follow, but now my feed shows me [acquitted Wisconsin shooter] Kyle Rittenhouse, Elon Musk and [Texas Republican Senator] Ted Cruz. There's a lot more hate especially towards black people, LGBTQ and Jewish people. There's also more porn showing up in my feed as well as lots of disinformation over vaccines and the war in Ukraine."
"It's just hard on my psyche to see the lack of common decency and the cruelty often inflicted on others on this site," Rogers added, "It diminishes my view of humanity."
Polls show opinions on the direction of Twitter are often connected to political leanings. Quinnipiac's December poll showed that 63% of Republican respondents said they viewed Musk favorably, while only 9% of Democrats said the same.
Many left-leaning users have threatened to leave the platform entirely. According to information from the Twitter analytics firm Bot Sentinel, approximately 877,000 accounts were deactivated in the week after Musk purchased Twitter. Nearly 500,000 were temporarily suspended. In total, that's more than double the usual number and has included prominent celebrities who cited a rise in hate speech and the banning of journalists as their reason for leaving.
More recently, some users have organized "Twitter Walk-out Days" in which they log off for a period of time in protest. Others have threatened to move to other social media platforms that better align with their values.
If those users do move on, Nicole Dahmen, professor at the University of Oregon School of Journalism and Communication, says it won't be the first time users shifted away from a form of technology.
"Leaving Twitter is the latest iteration of unfriending Facebook a decade ago or killing your television in the 1980s," Dahmen told VOA. "There are valid reasons to consume and participate with these mediums and there are even more valid reasons to leave them. They've ultimately trivialized American discourse, and our political, social and emotional health has suffered."
But it's not just Twitter that appears to be experiencing a plateauing of popularity around the world. From 2018 to 2022, average daily social media use increased by only five minutes — from 142 minutes to 147 minutes — according to Statista.com. During the previous four years, average social media use increased by a whopping 38 minutes per day.
Sense of community
"Social media can be a great thing in how it creates a sense of community and allows us to find commonalities," said Ivory Burnett of Lancaster, Pennsylvania.
Burnett said she prefers Twitter over other platforms because it encourages what she sees as more authentic, "less cosmetic" interactions.
"When used for good, it's the megaphone for an entire generation," she told VOA. "But it also results in bullying, misunderstanding and crowd-thinking that makes it easier to spread hate and harm."
But, like so many who, despite their frustrations with the platform, say they don't want to start over elsewhere after dedicating so many years to building a following on Twitter, Burnett said she has no intention of leaving.
"Leave? I've never considered leaving," she said and laughed. "I'll be here until my login stops working."
