Amazon's journey from an online bookseller started in a garage to a global e-commerce powerhouse valued at a trillion dollars has centered on obsession with the long road.
The company, initially incorporated as "Cadabra" by Jeff Bezos in 1994 and backed with money borrowed from his parents, joined Apple as the second U.S. technology firm to be valued at $1 trillion on Tuesday.
"It's funny comparing Apple and Amazon because they are very different companies," said independent technology analyst Rob Enderle.
"Apple is basically a one product company nowadays; Amazon is anything but."
While Apple makes most of its money from iPhones, the Amazon empire includes global e-commerce operations, cloud computing, artificial intelligence, streaming television, groceries and more.
Created in a garage in a suburb of Seattle, Washington, the company, renamed "Amazon," sold its first book - Fluid Concepts and Creative Analogies: Computer Models of the Fundamental Mechanisms of Thought by Douglas Hofstadter - to a computer engineer in mid-1995.
By the end of that year, Amazon was selling books online throughout the U.S. Amazon went public in early 1997.
The company for more than a decade put growth over profit, investing heavily in warehouses, distribution networks, and data centers.
"Every cent they made they put back in the company," Enderle said of Amazon.
"They kept their eye on the prize, which was initially to take over most of commerce."
Innovation sans scandal
Neil Saunders of the research firm GlobalData said Amazon's success comes from the fact that it innovates unlike any other.
"This heady pace of creativity is the key reason why it stays several steps ahead of the market and is able to generate so much growth," Saunders said.
Bezos has kept firm control of Amazon, steering clear of hedge fund investors inclined to short-term tactics aimed at getting share prices to jump.
The founder and chief executive also avoided scandals or other distractions, keeping revenue and costs close enough to manage and easing into "adjacent markets" that play into Amazon strengths or interests, according to Enderle.
For example, Amazon Web Services cloud computing business is a lucrative business built on technology infrastructure that the company needed to run its own operations.
Investing in warehouses, trucking, drones, shipping and other distribution systems not only enables Amazon to drive down costs, they position the company to compete with the likes of FedEx and UPS.
Buying Whole Foods grocery chain last year got Amazon established real world outlets while putting its delivery and retail smarts and systems to work in the brick-and-mortar world.
Drugs and digital ads
Prescription medicine would be a natural market for Amazon to expand into, according to Enderle. Meanwhile, Amazon is reportedly beefing up its digital advertising business to better compete in an online ad market dominated by Google and Facebook.
In the past quarter, Amazon posted its best-ever profit of $2.5 billion as Bezos, whose Amazon stake has made him the world's richest person, highlighted the importance of the digital assistant Alexa that powers Amazon electronics along with cars, appliances and other connected devices.
According to the research firm eMarketer, Amazon's e-commerce revenue will grow more than 28 percent this year to reach $394 billion, and will account for 49 percent of U.S. online retail sales and nearly five percent of all retail spending.
One of Amazon's revenue drivers is its Prime subscription service which offers streaming video and music, free delivery and other perks and which has more than 100 million members worldwide.
Arrogance trap
Some fear Amazon is becoming too dominant a force, especially in retail, sparking antitrust discussion even as the company keeps expanding globally and searches for a second headquarters in North America.
"It wasn't that long ago that people were freaking out about Walmart, and Amazon basically stepped on Walmart," analyst Enderle said.
"What Amazon means is disruption and people don't like to be disrupted."
Critics of the company include U.S. President Donald Trump, who has expressed ire at the Bezos-owned Washington Post newspaper that has published stories the president didn't like.
Bezos bought the Washington Post five years ago for $250 million from his personal funds.
While it made sense that his skills could be advantageous in the content-oriented news business may make sense, it came with the risk of displeased politicians using their power against the company.
"The Post was a mistake because it results in him going to war with people he wouldn't otherwise go to war with," Enderle said.
"You really don't want to go to war with the government."
Amazon's huge cloud computing segment powers systems for government clients, and contracts could be influenced by politics.
Amazon must also guard against the kind of arrogance that can undo companies that come to dominate markets, according to the analyst.
"When companies get big, it starts being about what you have the power to do and now what is right to do," Enderle said.
"If Amazon does have a downfall, it will be arrogance in dealing with the customer."
