Malaria kills more than one million people each year, with nearly all of those deaths children in Africa. As the continent marks Africa Malaria Day, on April 25, new treatments have been developed that could help the international community move closer to reducing deaths by 50 percent in three years.
It is often said laughter may be one of the best medicines. This point is proven in rural Kenya, where crowds of people are drawn to comic skits that also teach people about the dangers of malaria.
The grotesquely made-up actors tell ridiculous stories of body aches and diarrhea. But the real message is that these ailments are very serious and are possible symptoms of malaria, a treatable disease that often kills.
Malaria is one of the most common infectious diseases and an enormous public-health problem in Africa. The disease is caused by malaria parasites that are transmitted by female Anopheles mosquitoes.
Awa Marie Coll-Seck is the executive director of the Roll Back Malaria Partnership, which was founded in 1998 by the World Health Organization, the World Bank, UNICEF and the U.N. Development Program. Coll-Seck says it is hard to overestimate the devastation malaria causes in Africa.
"If you look at the structure in Africa, 30 to 40 percent of people who are coming to [medical] consultation are coming because of malaria," she said. "At the same time, that is the first cause of death of children under five."
She adds that of the one million-plus deaths from malaria each year, the international community has set a goal of cutting that number in half within three years.
One of the new tools in the anti-malaria arsenal is a medication called ASAQ. It combines the plant extract artemisinin and the anti-malarial drug ACT into one tablet. It also has a simpler dosing regimen than other anti-malarial drugs.
The non-governmental organization Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative and the French drug company Sanofi-Aventis developed ASAQ. Company vice president Robert Sebbag says his firm will receive no monetary profit.
"No patent, no intellectual property, for this compound. We accepted that and we will follow, because the needs are very important ones," he said.
Not everyone is impressed with the new drug. Its makers say it costs $1 for a complete adult dosage. But Ronan Jeambou, a doctor at the Institut Pasteur in Dakar, Senegal says that is still too high for rural Africans, who make an average of $1 or $2 a day.
He says if a customer were to buy this drug in a pharmacy, it could cost as much as $13.50.
Other efforts to combat malaria include research at Johns Hopkins University, in Baltimore, Maryland. Scientists are trying to genetically modify mosquitoes so that they are no longer carriers of malaria. Roll Back Malaria's Coll-Seck says scientists and health workers also hope to develop a vaccine to prevent malaria.
"We have a lot of teams working on that," she said. "Until now, what is clear is that we will need 10 years before having a vaccine."
In South Africa, musician Yvonne Chaka Chaka is lending her name to the fight against malaria. She recently established a foundation that scrutinizes how African governments use malaria funds.
World Bank President Paul Wolfowitz, speaking at a ceremony launching the foundation, compared the daily death toll from malaria to the 2001 terror attacks on the United States.
"If you think about it, that is 3,000 people a day, that is as many people who died in the World Trade Center, but day after day after day," he noted. "And 90 percent of them are in Africa, and it is now a preventable disease."
In Africa, officials and health workers have also taken steps to fight malaria. This includes distributing bed nets treated with mosquito-killing insecticide and teaching families how to use them. Another strategy is spraying insecticide in homes.
Health workers believe the strategy is having an effect. Regina Wanjiru Nyaga, the head nurse at a clinic in Kenya's Kiorugari village, says the number of patients testing positive for malaria in recent years has come down.
"Nowadays, they are reducing. There are not as many as used to come with malaria," she said.
The international community, together with local health care workers like Nyaga, are working to eliminate a disease that has brought so much devastation to Africa.
