China, the world's top processor of rare earths, banned the export of technology to extract and separate the critical materials on Thursday, the country's latest step to protect its dominance over several strategic metals.
Rare earths are a group of 17 metals used to make magnets that turn power into motion for use in electric vehicles, wind turbines and electronics.
While Western countries are trying to launch their own rare earth processing operations, the ban is expected to have the biggest impact in so-called "heavy rare earths," used in electric vehicle motors, medical devices and weaponry, where China has a virtual monopoly on refining.
"This should be a clarion call that dependence on China in any part of the value chain is not sustainable," said Nathan Picarsic, co-founder of the geopolitical consulting firm Horizon Advisory.
China's commerce ministry sought public opinion last December on the potential move to add the technology to its "Catalog of Technologies Prohibited and Restricted from Export."
It also banned the export of production technology for rare earth metals and alloy materials as well as technology to prepare some rare earth magnets.
The catalog's stated aims include protecting national security and public interest.
China has significantly tightened rules guiding exports of several metals this year, in an escalating battle with the West over control of critical minerals.
It introduced export permits for chipmaking materials gallium and germanium in August, followed by similar requirements for several types of graphite since Dec. 1.
West struggles with rare earth technology
The move to protect its rare earth technology comes as Europe and the United States scramble to wean themselves off rare earths from China, which accounts for nearly 90% of global refined output.
China has mastered the solvent extraction process to refine the strategic minerals, which Western rare earth companies have struggled to deploy due to technical complexities and pollution concerns.
Ucore Rare Metals UCU.V said on Thursday that it had finished commissioning of a demonstration plant to test its own rare earths processing technology, which is being funded in part by the U.S. Department of Defense.
"New technologies will be needed to outmaneuver the Chinese grip on these important areas," said Ucore CEO Pat Ryan.
It is not clear to what extent China's rare earths technology is being exported. Beijing has discouraged its export for years, said Constantine Karayannopoulos, former CEO of Neo Performance Materials NEO.TO, which separates rare earths in Estonia.
"This announcement just formalizes what everyone knew to be the case," Karayannopoulos said. Neo owns its own technology for rare earth separation, magnetics materials and magnet manufacturing, he added.
Currently, China separates 99.9% of global heavy rare earths, according to consultancy BMI or Benchmark Mineral Intelligence. Most of the Western processing capacity being installed is for "light" rare earths, including neodymium and praseodymium or NdPr.
"Most likely, the impact of this ban will be in greater difficulty in getting heavy rare earth separation capacity online outside of China," said Daan De Jonge at BMI.
"You can have all the NdPr separated in Europe or the U.S. as you want, but if you're still relying on dysprosium from China, you're still very exposed to geopolitical shocks."
